| Why is Seoul and Tokyo Cooperation Necessary? |
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Ryo SAHASHI(Kanagawa University) The year 2010 would be remembered as the pivotal year of East Asian security. In the East and South China Seas, the maritime territorial disputes force us to seriously rethink the needs of de-escalation mechanisms. Also, military buildups and rising concerns of non-traditional security created heated discussions on the stronger multilateral mechanisms in East Asia. However, the sinking of the Cheonan and the shelling of Yeonpyeongdo reminded us of the deep-rooted and most risky instability lying in the peninsula. Seemingly, it created the momentum for the bilateral and trilateral cooperation among South Korea, Japan and the US. In July of 2010, officers from Self-Defense Forces observed the US-South Korea’s military exercise, and last December South Korean military officers observed Japan-US exercises. The three countries’ Foreign Ministers gathered in New York last December and they showed a common stance against the challenges from North Korea. South Korean and Japanese Defense Ministers confirmed their willingness to upgrade their security cooperation this January, and then the Japanese Prime Minister’s address at the first day of the Diet also showed its interests in reinforcing the trilateral cooperation. The commander of USPACOM also showed his interests in future trilateral joint military exercises in late January. Will this lead to a new security architecture in Northeast Asia, beyond the hub-and-spokes system since the Cold War? What functions could such newly-enhanced partnerships provide? At the same time, some argue that it would stimulate China towards further supports to Pyongyang, which ends up dividing this sub-region into two camps. Is this argument really persuasive? Where could we find out the balance between alliance coordination and shared approaches against a North Korea allied with China? In the last two decades, the United States, Japan, and South Korea clearly shared concerns over the security threat of North Korean nuclear and missile development, but failed to keep the trilateral mechanism. After the 1994 Agreed Framework succeeded in cooling down the first North Korean nuclear crisis, the three nations began ad hoc high-level meetings to discuss collaboration on the North Korea issue. The trilateral meetings initially encountered difficulties over conflicting national priorities and policy towards North Korea. However, the Taepo-dong missile launch and the Perry Process successfully resulted in the creation of the Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group (TCOG). The TCOG, officially established in 1999, ceased to function by the beginning of the George W. Bush administration. Thus, in the second nuclear crisis TCOG was unable to coordinate an effective trilateral response to North Korean behavior. During the Six Party Talks, multilateral negotiations undermined trilateral relations between the US, Japan, and the ROK, as some officials had predicted and feared. However, today many argue that the effort for strengthening Seoul-Tokyo bilateral ties and trilateral frameworks with the US has at least four rationales. Firstly, weak unity among the status quo powers has led to an insufficient power of deterrence on North Korea and the room for its wedging strategy. The Yeonpyeongdo shelling shows the deterrence did not work to the extent to prevent North Korea from taking low-intensity military action. This is quite a new situation. Without stronger frameworks of deterrence, another action by the North, which could prove a nightmare, might not be stopped. US-ROK and US-Japan joint exercises with the observers contributed to a symbolic, deterring effect, but we still need to develop more assurances. Secondly, necessity for policy coordination lies in preparing for both scenarios of North Korean full-scale aggressions and domestic turmoil. The likelihood is still not high, but a lack of responsive mechanisms among the three countries should be criticized. Hitoshi Tanaka, former deputy minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan, proposes that trilateral cooperation should “include the formulation of full-fledged contingency planning for the defense of South Korea in the event of North Korean aggressions.” He also points out the “non-military aspects such as coping with a flow of refugees.” The military planning between US Forces in Korea and Republic of Korea could include a Japanese counter-part. Thirdly, the three countries should establish a trustworthy intelligence mechanism to maintain the credibility of the alliance with the US. In the wake of North Korea’s missile launch on July 5th 2006 Seoul’s response was clearly later than those of Tokyo or Washington, revealing the fractures in trilateral coordination. Similar problems are possible if the United States and/or South Korea choose not to share information with Japan immediately after incidents occur with North Korea. The event might also have created a credibility problem for Seoul and Tokyo, since they may not be immediately notified by its ally and partner on vital security incidents. Fourthly, the momentum makes this time special. The events in 2010 provoked people in Japan and ROK enough to make them realize the instability that exists within the region. Also, President Lee Myung-bak will come to Tokyo for a summit meeting and it is expected that both will agree on the issue of a ROK-Japan New Era. The Japanese Prime Minister will also visit the United States in June, reportedly, and will publish new directions of the alliance strategic objectives and ways. Top-level decisions are significant since the deterrence needs symbolic unity in addition to the military’s capability and readiness. The Democratic Party of Japan, the new ruling party of Japan since September of 2009, was regarded as keeping its distance from the US, but in fact, after the Cheonan and Yeonpyeongdo shelling the government reacted quickly and supported the ROK strongly. Even though media reports suggested Foreign Minister Maehara seeks to open a dialogue with Pyongyang, bilateral negotiation with Pyongyang has not achieved domestic support and if it happens it would, and should, be preceded by the US. This time the bilateral security partnership between Seoul and Tokyo would be enhanced, starting from the low-key items such as Acquisition and Cross Service Agreement (ACSA) which enables both to cooperate in global security. Intelligence sharing mechanisms also have some potential. Beyond such starters, regular dialogues at both practical levels, including younger generations, need to be established between the ROK and Japan. “Japan and the US could also discuss additional measures to the Law Concerning Measures to Ensure the Peace and Security of Japan in Situations in Areas Surrounding Japan (SIASJ).” Also, even though the US involvement is the key as a catalyst, for example through organizing the dialogue to aim trilateral contingency planning and joint naval exercises, Seoul and Tokyo also need to have the perspective that trilateral cooperation is the aim for securing commitment and interests from the US. From this angle, the trilateral dialogue on Southeast Asian policy, which was mentioned in the trilateral foreign ministers’ meeting last December, is also valuable as a method of burden sharing. However, many also point out the history problem and China’s concerns as an obstacle for stronger cooperation. Of course, we should realize that the Japanese government’s efforts on historical reconciliation has not been regarded enough by the Korean people and they keep mental barriers to collaborate with Japanese Self Defense Forces. However, the ongoing crisis and brinkmanship behaviors by Pyongyang are urgent and difficult to manage without reinforcing the current security architecture. Also, the ROK and Japan need to persuade the US for a joint, serious commitment and coordination with its allies. Furthermore, if we link this security cooperation with other bilateral negotiations, such as library agreements and historical statements, it would a domestic context where both governments receive strong pressure. We also need to think carefully about the linkage between alliance coordination and China’s next steps. Needless to say, Beijing’s ties with Pyongyang is still believed to be influential, even though we start to wonder how much. In this sense, to induce China into the collaboration with the three countries and UNSC resolutions is significant. Trilateral solidarity could work as pressure on China since it never wants to see a US alliance network formally enhanced, thus preserving the US influence in the region. Of course, to push Beijing into a corner is not a good idea. To avoid such results, we firstly need to design the trilateral cooperation solely for North Korean challenges by cementing a lack of necessary cooperation for now, not for challenging the rise of China. Promoting human rights and democracy cannot be the trilateral agenda. Secondly, as Scott Snyder, Asia Foundation, points out, the partnership among the three countries “should not preclude or inhibit Chinese cooperation.” The development of China-Japan-ROK trilateral and bilateral talks between China and others should be paralleled. But if one worries that upgrading alliance coordination among Seoul, Tokyo and Washington end up enhancing Beijing-Pyongyang ties, it is too much pessimism. For China, enhancing its relationship with Pyongyang, symbolically and substantially, will not be to their benefit anymore. The goal, through many channels, is that all parties can move towards the de-nuclearization of the peninsula through a consensual approach. After Hu’s visit to the US, the US and China have been jointly seeking the possibility of the resumption of talks with Pyongyang. Diplomacy is always a very important tool to persuade the revisionist by peaceful means. Simultaneously, we should not lose the momentum for stronger alliance coordination. That is what we have lacked for a long time. In time of a crisis stage escalating, we have to review what is available. The current deterrence conditions need a remedy now. 이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다. * Ryo SAHASHI is Associate Professor of International Politics at the Faculty of Law at Kanagawa University, and an Adjunct Research Fellow at the Japan Center for International Exchange. * An shortened version of this essay is available as “North Korea: Why Seoul-Tokyo cooperation is necessary” at the East Asia Forum web site, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/02/09/north-korea-why-seoul-tokyo-cooperation-is-necessary/ |