| Emergence of a New Northeast Asian Order and the Future of Korea-China Relations |
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The human race has undergone so many wars that human history can be viewed as a dialectical cycle of war and peace. A complex international structure has developed in the world where a party seeks resolution to one conflict through peace talks while other conflicts continue or have been unresolved from war that broke out in an earlier war vortex. While such a cycle is being repeated, a new order is appearing in Northeast Asia. Therefore, it is necessary for us to examine what types of development Korea and China should seek under such new changes in the region.
New Northeast Asian Order in the Post Cold War Era The Northeast Asian region stood at the center of the Cold War after World War II though it was not in the center of international politics. The international order in Northeast Asia, including the Korean peninsula, was formed under a triple-structure framework with Japan and China playing a limited role under the leadership of the US and the USSR, and the division system of North and South Korea operating under this structure. The collapse of one axis between this bi-polar system that continued for 40 years after World War II directly affected the international situation in Northeast Asia. The post-Cold War order in Northeast Asia shows the below-listed characteristics: First, the drastic setback of the CIS (or USSR) force and a relative decrease of US influence can be cited. Second, the US remained an exclusive super power in the world after the former USSR dissolved but the US needed stronger multilateral cooperative organizations rather than playing the role of a police state that could resolve world disputes with its own force. Third, China recorded rapid economic growth by steadily promoting reform and opening up to the world. With time, China has climbed to a position of a truly great nation in terms of national power. In particular, China’s voice has become stronger in dealing with Asian issues. China is required more and more to adapt to the international political and economic order as her national power increases. Fourth, Japan still belongs the rank of major world powers in terms of national power though its international position appears to have shrunk due to domestic and economic difficulties, which are a result of the collapse of the bubble economy and the emergence of China’s rapid economic growth. Thus, Northeast Asia is a unique region of the world where the position and interests of the four major world powers acutely overlap. It is in a position in which the situation in the region does not change or is not set up by the role of any one country. Development of Korea-China Relations after Re-establishment of Diplomatic Ties The leaders of both Korea and China finally established a normalized relationship by attempting to improve Korea-China relations at a time when the international regime switched from a bi-polar to a multi-polar system, after the Cold War ended. The Korea-China relations that started in economic and trade areas extended in all directions, after their leaders visited one other on multiple occasions and enhanced their mutual understanding and trust through diverse channels, including meetings at international multi-party gatherings. Economically, China has already become Korea’s greatest trading and investment partner, since 2002. Korea is China’s fifth largest trading partner and its greatest investment partner is China. Exchanges between Korea and China in cultural areas have actively progressed day after day in political and economic areas. As a conclusion, China has been able to simultaneously secure economic and political interests in South Korea and political strategic interests in North Korea, after normalizing Korea-China diplomatic relations. On the other hand, South Korea has been able to heighten its international position in national security, politics, diplomacy, economy, trade, social and cultural areas after Korea-China diplomatic relations were re-established. Future Developments in Korea-China Relations Though Korea and China have so far maintained a relatively stable relationship since their diplomatic normalization, various problems have been exposed between them such as the relations between other countries. Therefore, the two countries need to succeed in resolving their differences regarding various areas in order to steadily improve their relations in the future, after resolving existing problems. The two countries need to adhere to the principle of a peaceful coexistence in international relations. It can be said to be only a matter of time for some conflicts to arise in their mutual exchanges or cooperation as they have maintained differing political systems, ways of thinking, and economic development models for several decades. Therefore, the principle of a peaceful coexistence is believed to be conducive to developing cooperative relations between differing social systems. That is to build an understanding of, and trust in, traditional culture. Their geographic proximity and historical and cultural closeness may support exchanges and cooperation between the two countries at a higher level. It is critical for North and South Korea to solidify their relations for the future of Korea-China relations. This will be a primary element in the process of Korean reunification as it will prepare a foundation for a unified Korea by removing diverse frictions existing in North and South Korean societies as well as helping to overcome political and economic divisions between North and South Korea. The two countries should recognize and utilize their mutually beneficial economic structure. Mutual relations for economic cooperation exist between Korea and China at multiple levels in connection with their natural environments and economic structures. China needs to learn advanced technologies and models for business management, and economic development that Korea has accumulated over the years, while Korea needs China’s vitality for active economic growth. The two countries may pursue common benefits by forming an economically optimal, mutually beneficial cooperative structure between Korea’s advanced scientific and IT technologies and China’s vast market, affluent workforce, and natural resources. Therefore, Korea and China need to strive to maximize the creation of common values by simultaneously revitalizing their economies and trade while recognizing the economic structure that supports a mutually beneficial cooperation between the two countries. Korea and China need to remove various impeding factors that obstruct the progress of the relations between the two countries by expanding exchanges and cooperation, and developing and implementing practical policies through joint efforts. The factors that impede the progress of the relations between Korea and China are relatively few. If such factors are neglected, however, they will adversely affect the steady development of their relations. In general, the bi-lateral relations between Korea and China need to progress in a mature, practical way that satisfies the national interests of the two countries. To that end, the two countries need to develop feasible ideas, implement plans, and be equipped with capabilities to take advantage of opportunities in a pro-active manner. The relations between Korea and China will become closer at multiple levels in the future. * The views expressed here are those of the author and do not reflect the position of the Jeju Peace Institute. 이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다. * FANG Xiu Yu is a Professor at the Institute of International Studies, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. She obtained a Ph.D. degree in politics at Kyungnam University in South Korea after graduating from the Political Science Department at Northeast Teachers University in China in 1986. She has served in Korea as a visiting professor at Chungang University, a research fellow at Sogang University, and an adjunct professor at the Cyber University of Korea. Her books include “China’s Diplomatic Policies and Korea-China Relations,” “Korea’s Diplomacy after the War and China: Theories and Policy Analysis,” “World Politico-economic and International Relations” (joint authored), “Reconciliation and Cooperation: International Relations in Northeast Asia in 30 years” (compiled), and “Ways to Settle Market Systems in North Korea during North-South Commonwealth Era” (joint authored). She published many academic papers, including “Political Situation in North Korea in Transitory Period,” “North Korea’s Withdrawal from NPT and China’s Response,” “Reconsideration of North Korea Policy by KIM Dae-jung Administration,” and “Normalization of Korea-China Relations, Problems and Pursuit of their Solutions.” |