| Post-Treaty of Lisbon Changes in the EU / the Korean Response |
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EU in the Changing International Order
The recent global economic crisis, continuing progress with the European integration, and the rise of Newly Industrialized Countries has led to a shift in international order. International order has transformed from the bipolar system in the Cold War era and uni-polar system in the Post Cold War era, and it is expected to undergo yet another turn to the multi-polar system. There are many scenarios about the future landscape of the international society G2 theory with an emphasis on the leadership of China and the US, BRICs Emergence theory with an emphasis on geographic territory and population dominance, and the Global Cooperation theory with an emphasis on the role of the G20 are just a few of them. Signing of the Treaty of Lisbon for the EU presents us with another very plausible alternative system of G3. The EU has put a great weight on soft power in fields such as environment, human rights, and welfare, and it is now seeking to enhance its hard power through trade, financial aids and peacekeeping operations. Key Elements of the Lisbon System The Treaty of Lisbon has enhanced the European (EU)’s internal authority. Until very recently, the EU was merely a political identity, and it was legally represented by the former European Community (EC). In other words, European countries did not take legal measures to put a stamp on the integration even though they reached a political consensus to push forward with it. However, the Treaty of Lisbon has made the EU an actual legal entity, rather than a political identity, and all of the EU’s authorities have become legally binding. EU’s scope of power has been greatly expanded by the Treaty of Lisbon. It will now be responsible for all matters like political affairs, environment, and security, as well as economic affairs on which the EU’s activities have mostly been focused. In the past, there were distinctions between the EU’s authority, EU and members’ shared authority, and members’ authority. But the treaty has made affairs in all areas subject to the EU’s power. Furthermore, the policy decision-making process has become simplified. The majority rule is now applied to all issues save military and taxation affairs. EU’s external authority has also been enhanced. The offices of so called EU President (2.5-year term) and High Representative of Foreign and Security Affairs (5-year term) have newly opened inside the European Council, and the High Representative is to launch and directly lead the EEAS. The EU currently has 5,000 diplomats dispatched to 130 overseas offices, and 1/3 of them are expected to be replaced in the near future. For this end, it plans to solicit assistance from each member with an introduction of 1,200~ 1,300 diplomacy professionals to its HR pool. They will be employed at the EU for 4 years and return to their home country under the rotation employment system. This change institutionalizes the direct participation of all members in the EU’s international affairs. EU-Korea Relationship after Treaty of Lisbon The Treaty of Lisbon is expected to drastically change the EU-Korea trade and investment environment. First and foremost, simplification of the legislation process at the EU will lead to a considerable increase in the number of decisions related to environment, safety, and technology regulations. Similarly, the standardization and unification of various codes and systems in Europe are likely to accelerate. Second, the environment for the EU-Korea FTA ratification has changed. The consent from the European Parliament is now necessary, and there is a possibility that European businesses against the FTA ratification would exert their influence over the political leaders. The Automobile Manufacturers’ Associations in Germany and Italy are already voicing their criticism that the EU has handed over an advantage in the manufacturing sector for gains in the finance and intellectual property sectors. Some say that the EU Trade Commissioner Ashton who was in charge of the FTA negotiation with Korea was from the UK, and that she neglected the interests of manufacturing industries. The use of Euro as the currency for international bank settlement among European countries is expected to increase. EU’s public finance and financial affairs authorities have greatly increased, and it now has a strong influence over the countries that are yet to introduce the Euro. It is also highly likely that the Euro Zone will expand. Many non-Euro Zone countries recorded high economic growth rates prior to the global financial crisis. However, most, if not all, of them experienced a severe currency instability in the face of a financial crisis, and they are positively considering joining the Euro Zone. The expansion of the Euro Zone will essentially speed up the process of Euro becoming the key currency. Accordingly, Korea will need to consider a change in the foreign currency reserve policy in a timely manner. The EU and Korea amended the existing Framework Agreement for Cooperation to promise all-encompassing cooperation in the non economic areas, and the bilateral relationship has been upgraded to a strategic partnership. The EU is rather stringent in bestowing the strategic partnership “honor” upon non-European countries and Korea has become the EU’s 8th strategic partner. This marks the beginning of the Pan West Diplomacy Era for Korea, with the US as an ally and the EU as a strategic partner. The EU wants to share and jointly take measures to protect the general values of democracy, human rights, and environment with Korea. In short, it is trying to form a value community with Korea. Hence, Korea needs to establish a cooperative relationship that meets the EU’s expectation by increasing its efforts and investments in the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and joint response against terrorism in the foreign affairs and security areas, prevention of organized crimes and money laundering in the internal and legal affairs areas, and the reduction of the greenhouse gas emission and promotion of sustainable development in the environment area. In this regard, the EU and Korea’s strategic objectives are China and North Korea. The EU’s foreign policy places a great emphasis on the rule of law. Unlike sovereign states that have national interest as the objective of their foreign policy, the EU, as a supranational organization, puts more weight on the observation of universal norm. There are many exchange activities between China and the EU, but the human rights problem in China is making the qualitative improvement of the cooperation difficult, not to mention hindering the bilateral FTA negotiation between them. In addition, Korea plays an important role in the EU’s China policy. The EU believes that Korea’s cooperation can influence China. Should Korea, along with Japan, present China with an advanced development that incorporates environmental, free trade, and human rights issues, China is likely to change accordingly. The rule of law is also of importance in the EU’s North Korea policy. The EU is taking a proactive stand on North Korea’s democracy, human rights, and nuclear issues. It was the first to openly criticize North Korea’s nuclear test, and it has been leading numerous discussions on the Resolutions on Sanctions against North Korea at the UN Human Rights Council. Therefore, we need to establish a cooperation system to affect North Korea by tying in the human rights protection and humanitarian support of which the EU has the greatest interest. 이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다. Ko, Sangtu Yonsei University |