| South Korea-Russia Relations: A Call for New Thinking |
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On September 30th 1990 in New York, South Korea and the Soviet agreed to establish diplomatic relations. It was the opening of a new page in the history of South Korea. At the end of the 1980s, the world was going through epochal changes. It saw the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the Berlin Wall (1989), and the unification of Germany (1990).
The situation on the Korean Peninsula was also changing rapidly. The normalization of the relations between South Korea and the Soviet was decisive in the following events: the entry of the two Koreas into the UN (1991), the signing of the Inter-Korea Basic Agreement (1991) and the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (1991), and the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and China (1992). Historically, we can see how significant the influence of the Soviet was on the Korean Peninsula through its occupation of the northern part of the peninsula in 1945, following Japan’s surrender in the Pacific War, the establishment of the North Korean regime in 1948, and the start of the Korean War by the North in 1950. All of these lead us to expect that Russia will continue to play an important role in the efforts for the resolution of the problems concerning North Korea and the reunification of the two Koreas. This year marks the 60th anniversary of the outbreak of the Korean War, which was started by the North’s attack with the support of the Soviet military. The Soviet Air Force helped the Chinese ground troops engaged in the war against the UN Forces in the winter of 1950. The daily combat journal that contains records of the activities of the Soviet 64th Independent Fighter Aviation Corps at that time is available in Seoul. Many relevant articles and a book by Doug Joong Kim, entitled The Soviet Military’s Participation in the Korean War have been published. It is regretful that the South Korean government has not made sufficient efforts to set the record straight concerning the Korean War and the history of the relations between South Korea and Russia. On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Korean War, it is suggested that the records concerning the Soviet Union’s direct engagement in the Korean War should be made available based on the testimonies made by Soviet pilots who carried out military duties at that time. It would be a good idea to invite the pilots to South Korea so that they may have a first-hand look at how much the country has changed. Events carried out by the South Korean government on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Korean War in which the Soviet Air Force was directly engaged may serve for the beginning of new relations. In addition, efforts to keep an accurate record concerning the role of the Soviet troops that occupied the northern part of Korea at the end of the Pacific War, the role of the Soviet in the establishment of the North Korean regime, and the economic support provided to North Korea in the postwar period will help further establish relations between South Korea and Russia as well as the two Koreas based on a better understanding of the events of the time. In order to prepare for the future, it is necessary to examine what has happened in past decades with a willingness to set right what went wrong. Only China and Russia borders the Korean Peninsula. Koreans should remember how significant an influence Russia has on the Korean Peninsula. South Korea and Russia are also connected with each other via the East Sea. As a researcher on South Korea-Russia relations, the author would like to make the following suggestions for the development of bilateral relations. First, it is urgently necessary to increase the number of experts on Russia. It is embarrassing that there are insufficient numbers of experts on Russia in South Korea, with the potential Russia represents in natural resources, including petroleum and natural gas. Business people point out that they can hardly find capable Koreans to carry out activities related to Russia. They point to the unbalance between Russian language or literature majors and regional study majors specializing in Russia. This author believes that many Korean students should be encouraged to study in Russia for several years and return home in connection with the need to train experts on Russia. Secondly, the quality of those studying in Russia should be enhanced substantially. There are limited Koreans who can write articles in specialized fields or discuss relevant subjects with Russian scholars in Russian, although there has been a sharp increase in the number of Koreans studying in Russia following the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1990. Efforts to maintain a personal network of Russian acquaintances appear to remain only at an initial phase. Relevant institutions, including the National Research Foundation of Korea, should provide positive support for experts in diverse areas and to those interested in Russia, so that they may stay in that country studying their fields of specialization and establish a personal network of collaboration with the Russian colleagues. Thirdly, the knowledge and information concerning Russia accumulated over past decades should be compiled systematically. This author has attended many seminars held in Korea concerning the prospect of the Six-Party Talks on North Korea’s nuclear program, the security of the Korean Peninsula, and the four powers surrounding the country. In most cases, there was no scholar from Russia. Nor were there Korean experts on Russia able to analyze and explain the position of Russia in its relation with Korea. It was not easy to find those deeply interested in Russia among the audience. It shows that Russia remains distant to us after the 20 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Compared to other area studies, the numbers of associations specializing in Russia are limited. Under such circumstances, it will not make sense to expect to see opportunities for criticism or debate between those with diverse backgrounds and opposing views. Associations, such as the National Research Foundation of Korea, which provides support for those studying in Russia, should derive a way to collect diverse views on Russia to compensate for the disadvantageous position of the country. The author remembers that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade made such efforts in the late 1990s and experts on Russia (who usually remained low-key) expressed their views positively on meetings held to discuss how to develop the bilateral relations between South Korea and Russia. Fourthly, the importance of the Russian Embassy in South Korea should be emphasized. Since 2008, they have held parties and invited Korean scholars on Russian studies at the embassy in Seoul. The author has felt happy to witness such efforts made by the Russian embassy in order to get closer to Koreans. Here is an example. In the early 1970s, the United States Information Agency (USIA) in Seoul carried out programs for Korean students interested in enhancing their English conversation skills. Many students attending such programs developed into leaders with pro-American viewpoints in their areas of specialty. The USIA carried out such programs with a long-term view of expanding a network of pro-American people. It will be a worthwhile effort for the Russian Embassy to undertake similar actions, such as conducting programs for students studying Russian, providing texts, and audio-visual materials for them. Lastly, it is urgently necessary to systematize exchanges and contacts between people of the two countries. The Russian President should be included in the list of heads of state that the Korean President visits at least once a year. Periodical meetings between the Korean President and the heads of state of the four powers surrounding the Korean Peninsula and regular summits between the leaders of the two Koreas will be an important way to maintain peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula. When Koreans refer to the four powers surrounding the peninsula (the U.S., Japan, China, and Russia), they put Russia last and regard it as the least important country in terms of influence. Diplomatic efforts should be made to build closer relations with Russia. Towards the end of the 1990s, strategic partnerships were established between the U.S. and China, between the U.S. and Russia, between Japan and China, and between China and Russia. The level of exchanges and contacts between these countries is immense. South Korea needs to increase efforts get closer to Russia, as it will help the other three powers and Russia maintain balanced and stable relations in the region. For instance, in 2003, the Korean Association of Slavic Studies (in which the author served as Director of Research) decided to hold an international seminar at a university in Russia on a biennial basis. At the first meeting held in St. Petersburg, we found that it was necessary to hold such an event reciprocally among those sharing similar specialties. After two decades of relations, we are looking back at what we have achieved. Many Russians ask Koreans not to regard their country as “an easy source of resources.” That means they are looking forward to the opportunities to build ties with Koreans on matters beyond economics. The vast land of the Russian Far East (where many ethnic Koreans live) will serve as a fine supply source of grains to the two Koreas. There are no special safety concerns when travelling in Russia or on the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Please feel free to study the language and other subjects in Russia. More Koreans traveling and making friends with people in the region of the four powers will develop future opportunities for Korea. 이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다. * KIM Doug Joong (Professor of Russian Studies, Kyonggi University) |