| North Korea Policy after the UNSC Presidential Statement on the Sinking of the Cheonan |
|
|
On July 9, 2010, the UN Security Council adopted a presidential statement on the sinking of the South Korean corvette, the Cheonan, three and a half months after the incident (which occurred in March),and 35 days after the referral of the case to the UNSC. The UN’s action concerning the incident was concluded, although the permanent member countries of the UNSC were divided in their views about the incident, and the contents of the statement remain controversial. Furthermore, the incident was not settled with the issuance of the UNSC statement.
The tragic incident can be traced back to the recent heightening of tension and confrontation between the two Koreas that aggravated the security situation particularly along the Northern Limit Line (NLL). The incident is ultimately a case that should be settled between the two Koreas. From the beginning, it was difficult to expect the UNSC to take clear-cut and binding measures concerning the incident. As it happens, the direction of bilateral relations between the two Koreas in the aftermath of the incident will be delineated by how the South intends to settle the incident. In the statement made to the South Koreans on May 24, South Korean President Lee Myung-bak asked the North to apologize for the attack and to punish those responsible. However, it is doubtful whether the North will accommodate such a request, as the North has asserted that the incident was a “sheer fabrication” concocted by the South. Such doubt is strengthened further by the uneven attitude in favor of the North shown by China and Russia, and by the tone of the statement contained in the UNSC President’s statement. Essentially, the incident is a matter that should be settled between the two Koreas, and how they settle it will remain a matter of crucial interest. However, it is unrealistic to deal with the incident within the current inter-Korea dialogue framework, as mutual trust has been exhausted due to the seriousness of the incident. It appears that the South Korean government did not intend to handle the case as an inter-Korean issue at the beginning, perhaps based on such a judgment. The referral of the matter to the UNSC was the expected course of action, but the countries concerned started showing different attitudes with the passing of time, according to their national interests. The various countries of Northeast Asia have different views of the incident, depending on their national interests. Under such circumstances, inter-Korea relations will inevitably go through a long, dark tunnel. Granted, it will not be wise to sit down with arms folded. It is necessary to do something. The UNSC statement issued on July 9 calls for full adherence to the Korean Armistice Agreement and encourages the settlement of outstanding issues on the Korean peninsula by peaceful means, via a resumption of direct dialogue and negotiation through the appropriate channels as soon as possible, with a view to avoiding conflicts and averting escalation.” The resumption of the Six-Party Talks concerning the North’s nuclear program is another matter that should not be ignored indefinitely. It is feared that the North’s nuclear capability will be further strengthened, with no substantial control imposed with the passage of time. Reactivation of the process concerning the Six-Party Talks may provide an appropriate opportunity to deal with the two pending issues. A direction for the settlement of the sinking of the Cheonan issue was proposed in the UNSC statement after a process of discussion between the relevant countries the Six-Party Talks may provide an opportunity to discuss how to adhere to the Armistice Agreement and prevent clashes between the two Koreas in accordance with the UNSC recommendation, in addition to efforts made to settle the issue of the North’s nuclear program. If some progress is made at the Six-Party Talks, the two Koreas should be able to handle the Cheonan incident as the directly related parties. The North may feel relieved by the UNSC statement, which did not pinpoint it as the aggressor in the Cheonan incident or ask for additional sanctions against the North. The lenient nature of the statement may give the North a good excuse to re-join the Six-Party Talks. Following the UNSC statement, the North’s Foreign Ministry spokesman said, “[We] will make consistent efforts to conclude a peace treaty and consider denuclearization on the basis of six-party talks conducted on an equal footing,” and the North is taking a positive attitude concerning dialogue with the UN Command at Panmunjom. It should be possible to find a way out of the current deadlocked situation without much difficulty. The U.S. and China will be able to operate the pre-Cheonan system of collaboration although the North may set other preconditions for its re-joining the Six-Party Talks. It is possible to predict that the North will take a positive stance in its re-joining the Six-Party Talks based on the following premises. First, the country feels that the survival of the regime has become a more pressing issue than it was at the time of the Joint Statement of the fourth round of the Six-Party Talks in Beijing, held on September 19, 2005. Its demand for the withdrawal of the worldwide sanctions imposed against it and the discussions about a peace treaty conducted on a continual basis since earlier this year may ultimately be viewed as an attempt to find an excuse to return to the Six-Party Talks. This is something that North Korea had said it would never return to and there may be a request for the international community to provide economic support and a guarantee for the safety of the regime. Second, for the forthcoming rounds of the Six-Party Talks, China will have to take on the South Korean government’s former role of coordinator or promoter, and the North should consider this China’s position. Third, the North will try to mitigate the South’s offensive concerning the Cheonan incident by internationalizing the Korean Peninsula issue, while trying to further develop its relations with China and to improve its relations with the U.S. As a result, the Cheonan incident may deepen the Kim Jung-il regime’s dependence on China. It may also end up putting a limit on the South’s influence on the North by invalidating the Lee Myung-bak Administration’s efforts to cause a fundamental change in the North. This is why the South should consider the need for a resumption of the Six-Party Talks before it is too late. In the period following the UNSC’s July 9 statement, any desirable course of action taken by the South concerning the North should include the establishment of a comprehensive and multi-faceted policy, while paying greater attention to the need for effective management of the situation. The South Korean government needs to take a cool-headed stance, appraising changes in the international situation in the wake of the Cheonan incident, and review its policy toward the North. It should remember that unless it is in the driver’s seat and equipped with appropriate strategies, the U.S. and China will take the initiative. The South is in a more advantageous position than the North within the international community and the South should lead the way in finding a means to overcome the currently stalled situation. Squeezing the North alone cannot solve the problems involving the country. The series of punitive measures against the North announced by the South on May 24 can hardly bring about the desired results, with most of the leverage held by the South against the North exhausted. The South committed the folly of disclosing all the measures it could take against the North at the same time. The South’s referral of the Cheonan case to the UNSC while laying the blame on the North met a series of insurmountable stumbling blocks. The contents of the UNSC statement fell some way short of what the South had expected in line with the punitive measures it took on May 24. Given the previously mentioned circumstances, the South needs to consider an exit strategy based on “direct dialogue and negotiation through the appropriate channels” as recommended by the UNSC statement, with the aim of reestablishing its policy on the North, although it is not an alternative that the South can take immediately. To that end, the South should take the following steps: First, it should consider a policy shift, i.e. making an approach to the North Korean issue within a grander framework and through a perspective focusing on Northeast Asia rather than on the North alone. Second, it should actively take part in the Six-Party Talks, suggest alternatives intended to make it a more productive process of dialogue, and fine-tune the policies adopted with the aim of using the progress made in the Six-Party Talks as leverage for the normalization of relations with the North. Third, it should reinforce its collaboration with China so that China can exert greater influence on the North with regard to its taking more positive steps toward the goal of denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula, along with efforts to ease the level of distrust formed between the two countries due to the Cheonan incident and to secure progress in the Six-Party Talks. Fourth, it should strive to ease tensions and prevent clashes along the NLL through direct dialogue with the North, using the momentum made in the Six-Party Talks. The above recommendations may not be easy to put into practice however, progress made in these efforts will contribute to the South’s successful hosting of the G20 Summit in November 2010. The South needs to consider diverse alternatives in a spirit of open-mindedness, while bearing in mind that there are many variables in its relationship with the North despite the obvious difficulties. 이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다. * RHEE Bong-jo Former Vice Unification Minister |