| Social Media and Diplomacy |
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The winds of democratic change are blowing in the Middle East, jeopardizing the positions of their long-time leaders. Under such circumstances, social media are becoming the focus of attention.
How powerful is the influence of social media? How can they be used as a diplomatic policy tool? What influence do they have on the formulation and execution of a country’s foreign policies? The Power of Social Media There is no consensus as to how powerful social media are. There are people who think that the power of social media is “revolutionary” as it threatens even the position of those who have exercised absolute power and is carrying ideas about democracy even into very conservative Middle Eastern countries. But there are others who think that the power of social media is overly exaggerated and misunderstood. With regard to the current situation in the Middle East, the belief that the power of social media is only limited can be divided into two views, as follows: First, those who hold such a view say that opposition leaders and street demonstrators have not relied so heavily, if ever, on social media. They point out that governments would shut off the cell phone network and the Internet if there was even a whiff of a threat from social media. They also say that outsiders misunderstand and think that social media play an important role in the current situation in the Middle East, as news of street demonstrations was spread to other parts of the world chiefly through social media due to the limited freedom of speech. As it is, social media have not played a significant role in encouraging the formation of oppositions in the Middle Eastern countries, although they went a long way in drawing outsiders’ attention to that part of the world. Second, some holders of this view say that social media could be used to launch a large-scale online signature campaign or heated debates, but fell short of organizing a mob that would be prepared to risk arrest and torture or would not be intimidated by indiscriminate shooting by the police. In other words, the opposition’s “high-risk/cost” activities were put into practice under the leadership of offline organizations, although social media might have provided a catalyst for “low-risk/cost” online activities. Social Media as a Foreign Policy Tool If social media do indeed prove to be so powerful, it follows that the possibility of using them as a foreign policy tool should be considered. However, it is difficult to judge which one of the two foregoing views about the role of social media is more accurate at the moment, given that the situation in the Middle East is still in progress. It is thought that these two views indicate that the power of social media is not something uniform or fixed, but something that varies depending on the context and purpose. For one thing, social media can play a crucial role as an alternative where there is only limited freedom of speech or where a subject is not being dealt with by existing mass media. If the Middle Eastern countries had granted sufficient freedom of speech, many discussions currently held through social media would have been made through existing mass media, which means that the importance of social media would not have emerged so conspicuously. In terms of the level of technological development, social media can only exert an influence in countries where the Internet or cell phones have reached a certain level of penetration. The Middle Eastern countries in question do not figure among the countries that have reached such a level of cutting-edge information technology. In terms of groups of people, younger people and people with a higher level of educational attainment are more likely to be influenced by social media due to the characteristics of information technology and the relevant equipment. It is also thought that social media are more effective in encouraging people to engage in “low risk/low cost” activities. Such being the case, it is necessary to adopt a strategy of using social media in consideration of target countries or target groups of people, based on the objectives of diplomacy, as the power of social media varies depending on the context and purpose. Foreign Policy and Social Media Social media can be used as a tool of foreign policy, and, conversely, the process of establishing and executing a country’s foreign policy can be influenced by social media. One such example is the candle-lit street vigil held in Seoul in relation to the issue of mad cow disease in 2008. The influence of social media on the establishment and execution of a country’s foreign policy can be thought of in the light of two key terms, i.e. ‘collective intelligence’ and ‘smart mobs’. ‘Collective intelligence’ refers to a process by which the grassroots majority, who are not experts about an issue in question, obtain collective ability through interaction. Wikipedia is an example of a group of ordinary people reaching a professional level of intelligence that extends beyond their individual intellectual ability. Sometimes, a person or a small group of people influence(s) public opinion by disseminating inaccurate knowledge, as in the case of ‘Minerva’, an economic opinion-maker in the ‘agora’. The thing is that the general public has come to be involved in the establishment and execution of a country’s foreign policies as a result of the knowledge they acquire by their own efforts thanks to the development of social media. Such being the case, governments find it hard to set the state agenda alone without heeding the opinion of the general public, or hardly find themselves superior to the general public in terms of the breadth of their information or the depth of their knowledge. Even in the past, attempts were made to impose checks on governments, mostly by the mass media. Turning to the emergence of ‘smart mobs’, bloggers, repliers and tweeters consider taking collective action when they feel that politicians or political parties do not respond to the general public’s opinions sufficiently or when their views are not reflected in the policy-decision-making process. In such cases, social media facilitate their collective actions, making it easy to raise or spread an issue and have those with similar thoughts gather together. In the past, individuals were indifferent to social issues and remained powerless as they lacked information. Now, they know how to form a powerful mob with the help of social media. The development of social media is bringing about rapid changes throughout the world. With proper understanding and use of the power of social media, the country will be able to choose from more diverse foreign policy tools and accomplish foreign policy objectives more efficiently. In the meantime, it should not be overlooked that social media may influence the process of establishing and executing a country’s foreign policy. It is desirable to have the general public take part in the establishment and execution of a country’s foreign policy through social media from a democratic perspective. However, the problem is that the stability, objectivity or propriety of the process of foreign policy formation may be jeopardized, if opinion-makers like “Minerva” – rather than those with collective intelligence supported by expertise and objectivity – lead public opinion, while traditional channels of political participation like political parties or parliament are ignored due to social media. 이 글에 포함된 의견은 저자 개인의 견해로 제주평화연구원의 공식입장과는 무관합니다. * Intaek HAN is Associate Research Fellow at the Jeju Peace Institute. Dr. Han received his Ph.D. in political science from UC, Berkeley and both his M.A. in political science and B.A. in economics from Seoul National University. His recent publications include “US-Asia Relations beyond the Global Financial Crisis,” in A Pacific Nation (Japan Center for International Exchange, forthcoming), “Nuclear Rollback: Implications and Limitations of the South Africa Case” (in Korean), Korea and World Politics, Spring 2011, and “Towards a Korean Model of Public Diplomacy: The Case for Country-specific, Scientific Public Diplomacy” (in Korean), 2010. |